Physics in Cricket Essays

Year Round Production Of Oranges In Nigeria

All year Production Of Oranges In Nigeria Nigerians, in the same way as other different Africans, accept that specific natural products like orange just develop specifically seasons. This can't be any further from reality. In created nations, most if not all the organic products are accessible for utilization throughout the entire year. The mystery behind this accessibility of natural products isn't so fantastical. This review is centered around all year orange creation in country Nigeria. Developing oranges requests the support of certain climatic conditions like temperature and wind power despite the fact that there are different issues less identified with the atmosphere, for example, bug control, water system and manure application. These conditions control the development of orange. As such, in the event that they can be kept up at a specific level, creation should be possible all year. The Communication and Information Management Technology parts of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have a significant task to carry out here as they make it simple to arrive at lion's share of the rustic ranchers. Accentuation is set on radio because of the way that it is promptly accessible to a large portion of them. Data on the nuts and bolts of developing the organic product during the time is passed on to the ranchers through radio. The proposition here is that as the ranchers get enough of this data, their direction starts to change and whatever subsidizing or bolster they get from outside sources can be effectively utilized. This brings up the issue of financing for this orange creation, and this is the place the advantages of all year creation, for example, work creation and expanded income fill in as motivating force to potential supporters and loan specialists, similar to the administration and microfinance banks. One of the most generally developed yields in the nation today is orange. Its solid dietary benefit and side-effects, for example, squeezed orange are a piece of the purpose behind its prominence. Right off the bat, clarify that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) might be partitioned into three fundamental branches to be specific Computer Technology, Communication Technology and Information Management Technology. While Computer Technology is an imperative segment of ICT, Communication and Information Management Technologies are similarly as significant (Wikipedia, 2010). Indeed, to the extent horticulture goes in the provincial regions of Nigeria, Computer Technology will assume a less significant job than any of the other two and the explanation isn't implausible. Albeit the vast majority of the ranchers comprehend the conditions required for the harvests to develop by and by, just a bunch of them know this in principle. This hypothetical information is significant if a rancher will augment creation. Technique A favorable position to the group is that the dad of one of our colleagues is a huge scope rancher. Therefore some of our inquiries were coordinated to him. Likewise, another colleague made calls to his companion at the bank, a methods by which we acquired data about advances and a couple of other financing questions. Some data was additionally acquired from books. A large portion of our sources however are from the web, similar to articles and diaries. All year Production One significant part of all year creation is the way of life of the orange tree. As of late, it has been found that nearby dispersing the plants in an orange woods may cause decrease in efficiency, and there is likewise the contention that in close-planted forests, it is very costly to prune. Despite what might be expected, the straightforwardness with which pruning, treating and gathering should be possible impacts ranchers choice to take part in close-planting. Numerous forests in rustic Nigeria have a normal separating of 20 X 15 ft (7.56 m), which in contrast with the previous standard 25 x 25 ft (7.57.5 m) can be viewed as truly close-dispersed. Then again, it has been found that by sprouting Pineapple orange onto the rootstock of harsh lemon, close-planting can in any case increment the complete yield. A diagram is offered beneath to represent the conduct of this new sort of orange corresponding to separating. This exposes two new focal points assortments of orange and maturing. These two focuses are essential to all year orange cultivating. The principal mystery in developing orange all year is in its assortments. Various sorts of oranges respond contrastingly to various climatic conditions. For instance, while Hamlin and Queen flourish well under outrageous cold temperature, Valencia, then again, doesn't work out quite as well. In creating nations where orange is accessible to clients all year, they basically develop the specific sort of orange that will thrive in each season. It won't come as an unexpected that numerous if not the entirety of the assortments of orange can develop in numerous pieces of Nigeria. Truth be told, Benue state in north focal Nigeria alone records for the creation of more than ten assortments of orange. The ramifications of this is with appropriate information on these assortments and how they flourish under various conditions, oranges can be delivered all year in the nation. Growing is another significant apparatus that can guarantee the creation of the natural product during especially cruel periods of the year. In spite of the fact that there are numerous assortments of the natural product that get by in various seasons, there are a few seasons that are extraordinarily cruel to plants. For these seasons, sprouting is a training that can guarantee the improvement of increasingly fiery and beneficial trees. The procedure guarantees the nature of oranges delivered. Sprouting includes joining a piece of a plant (called the scion) on another plant (called the rootstock) with an effectively dynamic root framework, in this way empowering them to develop as one plant. Rootstocks are for the most part utilized for fruiting trees and relying upon the rootstock utilized, even with a similar scion, properties, for example, enormous natural product size, life, and protection from infections, dry spell and root nuisances can be initiated in the subsequent tree (Wiki pedia, 2010). For instance, when certain orange trees are grown onto the rootstock of trifoliate orange, the outcome is a tree that can get by in extraordinary cold and even low wet soils. Water system assumes a significant job in crop yield, particularly during the dry season when withering is a fast approaching issue. A large number of the ranchers in the country territories know this, yet there are still a few constraints. One of them is the absence of water; another is the way that a significant number of the ranchers don't have the foggiest idea how much water is required for water system. To decide how much water is required, data on the profundity of the dirt is indispensable. Similarly as with most trees, the profundity of the dirt influences the range of the root framework. Profound soils take into account better root frameworks, and subsequently better protection from dry season. Besides, the more profound the dirt, the more the measure of water that can be utilized in water system. For the issue of absence of water, it would be a smart thought if ranchers are urged to cooperate as the conveyance of water is typically lopsided in this period. That is, while a few ranchers wells have copious water, others become dry. Collaboration between them would help in water system as well as in numerous other valuable zones also. Additionally due to the advantages to be procured from this all year orange creation (as clarified further down), the legislature ought to likewise help with the flexibly of new water system innovation and gracefully of water. Another deterrent to the all year creation of orange in the nation is the issue of vermin and sicknesses. Oranges, in the same way as other different organic products, are influenced by a tremendous measure of bugs. A portion of the bugs specific to orange incorporate citrus rust vermin, various scale bugs, coarse bugs, aphids (plant lice) and organic product flies. These different bugs influence various pieces of the tree including the leaves, stem, root, and even the oranges. Furthermore, ailments are likewise a major danger to the creation of oranges. A portion of the normal sicknesses incorporate scourge, citrus ulcer, and some popular and parasitic ailments. In some different cases, contradiction between the scion and rootstock can likewise be a reason for decreased creation. Researchers have thought of some successful medicines for a large number of these maladies, yet without ICT, it is difficult to pass this data to ranchers in rustic regions. Be that as it may, once in a whi le ranchers botch things like irregular tinge of leaves brought about by mineral inadequacies, for example, copper and zinc for infections. Oranges can be protected for up to 5 months at generally low temperatures (somewhere in the range of 2.22oC and 3.89oC). This is another favorable position of oranges that can be taken to guarantee that it is accessible for all year utilization. Ranchers in rustic Nigeria don't exploit this property since they don't have the necessary storeroom, which ought to be sufficiently huge to hold a generous measure of oranges and keep the temperature sufficiently low to guarantee conservation. The greater part of them have no clue that the natural products can even be safeguarded that long. The Role of ICT The most amazing asset that can be passed on to these ranchers is data strengthening; consequently the previous established framework on Communication and Information Management Technology. There is no reason for buying specialized hardware for ranchers when they don't have a clue how the things work. The initial step is to make them fully aware of the subtleties of the natural products they are delivering. With appropriate comprehension, the ranchers will start to request the correct instruments. Without incitement from any outside elements, they will start to request credits and extra foundation to encourage all year creation. At the end of the day, they should be educated that it is conceivable and with todays innovation, there are various approaches to hand down this data. Radio would be a compelling apparatus since the greater part of these ranchers have one. Horticultural projects should air on the radio broadcasts accessible to them, and in their lingo. These projects, focused on the ranchers, would assist them with bettering get water system, soil profundity, and numerous different components identified with their harvests. With time, they will begin to pose inquiries, and afterward augmentation operators can

How to Write a Narrative Essay Using MLA Guidelines

How to Write a Narrative Essay Using MLA GuidelinesDo you know how to write a narrative essay using the MLA guidelines? A narrative essay is one that describes a given event or particular situation through a series of facts, or events, that support an argument. If you write one, be sure to get both the structure and style right so that you can also make the facts and events flow together into an engaging and interesting story.The MLA guide provides a number of sample essays and worksheets that can help you write a story about many different subjects. Some of these essay samples are quite complex, while others are less so.First, be sure to select a story that supports an argument, rather than simply one that describes a certain event. There's no use writing an essay about the fall of the Berlin Wall, if it doesn't argue why it fell in the first place. As such, go over your idea for the essay and decide what arguments will support the topic of the essay.Next, write down all of the part icular facts about the subject. Here, you can use some free online tools to help you. Online, there are sites where you can find facts by category, as well as a lot of other tools that are not available in print.When you're ready to put your ideas into the form of a complete paragraph, just use a research tool to help you. You can find a research guide online and it will tell you what keywords to use and even include some of the facts in your essay.Here's another thing to keep in mind when writing a narrative essay using the MLA guide. One of the most important elements to this type of essay is the prologue. Without the prologue, you have nothing at all.Again, a research tool will give you the information you need on the rules of punctuation and grammar and how to include them in your essay. After you have all of that information in place, you're ready to get started on the first paragraph. Make sure that the first paragraph includes some 'hook' words - that is, words that can draw the reader into your essay and make him or her want to continue reading to find out what happens next.This is something else that you can use when writing a narrative using the MLA guide. Find some 'word of mouth' examples from your local library and use them to 'hook' the reader. Write an example with each point you want to make and read the examples to see if they help with your essay.

Why Fracking Should Be Allowed - 1481 Words

One of the strongest arguments in favour of fracking is the reduction in CO2 that would occur with increased fracking. As of 2013, coal provided approximately 40% of the world’s electricity needs and provides 29% of the total world energy supply with oil being the largest at 31%. Coal-fired power plants are responsible for over 83% of the CO2 pollution since 1990, and have the highest ratio of CO2 output per unit of electricity out of all the fossil fuels. These emissions cause effects worldwide; acid rain, air pollution, toxic waste, to name a few. It is estimated that by replacing coal with gas from fracking, CO2 emissions would be reduced by more than 50%. This massive reduction in carbon emissions would have a global impact, resulting in unprecedented reductions in the effects of climate change. Allowing fracking is a fundamental advance in the efforts to reduce global warming; with this in mind fracking should be allowed and in this case it would benefit everyone when con sidering the reduction in CO2 emissions. However this poses an issue, if fracking was widely used then CO2 emissions may decrease but there would then be a halt in research and implementation of renewable energy. In some areas where fracking has become more prominent the price for the fuel has fallen; making it a cheaper alternative to expensive renewable energy. Fatih Birol, chief economist for the IEA, aired this concern, ‘Renewable energy may being the victim of cheap gas prices if governments do notShow MoreRelatedHydraulic Fracturing : Good Or Bad?1401 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as fracking. A gas company drilled five wells near French’s land, two of the gas wells were less than 4,000 feet away for her farmland. Chemicals from the wells leaked into French’s water system and caused all of those awful effects on the cows, French and her family, as well as her neighbors. Due to the detrimental impacts that fracking causes on humans and the environment, frackin g should be illegal. So what is hydraulic fracturing? Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, â€Å"is theRead MoreFracking And Its Effects On The Human Health1135 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Fracking† in Pennsylvania (environmentalist point of view) If someone is given a choice of either healthier life or job, probably the smarter choice would be a healthier life. It might seem unrelated to the topic â€Å"Fracking† in the initial stage, but eventually they are found to be connected. First off, Hydraulic fracturing or â€Å"fracking† is the process of drilling and injecting fluid into the dipper region of the ground at a high pressure in order to release a natural gas to the surface level. SoRead MoreFracking Of The United States1307 Words   |  6 Pages2014 Dr. Gray Final Paper Fracking in the United States Hydraulic fracking in the United States is a current environmental hazard that has to be addressed by the American people and by the federal government. Fracking in America has opened up millions of acres of lands that were once not economically viable to produce oil and gas. While the Bureau of land Management has paved the way for hydraulic fracturing on public lands, there is a need for retaliation. Fracking is a dirty method of extractingRead MoreHow Do Energy Coursing Through The Twenty First Century?1156 Words   |  5 Pageslike fossil fuels; however, natural gases burn without producing harmful byproducts that damage the environment, are plentiful, and are cheap to harvest. The main process used to harness natural gases is called hydraulic fracturing, or fracking for short. The fracking operation requires many engineers, scientists, mechanics, and other laborers. These workers design, build, operate, and maintain large drills that are long enough to drill a mile beneath the surface of the earth. Once the drill reachesRead MoreFracking Is A Dangerous Process That Should Be Banned Immediately1328 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing (fracking) is the process of drilling into the ground and pumping sand, water, and fracking fluid at high pressures in order to extract natural shale gas that was previously unattainable. This process comes with environmental issues: the chemicals from the fracking fluid can contaminate nearby drinking water wells and harm the citizens of that area. Despite the fact that there have been several contaminated drinking water cases reported, there is little being done about thisRead MoreFracking : A Modern Society Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of the Earth’s natural resources, is at the top of the list of contested subjects, with hoards of advocates and opponents on either side. One of the newest methods of natural gas energy production is a process called Hydraulic Fracturing, or fracking. This process uses large drills to create tunnels down into the earth’s crust and then introduces thousands of gallons of water and various chemicals to create horizontal cracks. Sands are pumped down next to hold the cracks open. Through these cracksRead MoreRisk Reward and Fracking1326 Words   |  6 PagesRisk Reward â€Å"Fracking provides a source of energy that is not only new but also relatively clean, cheap, without political strings† (www.economist.com, 2014, para. 3). In the article â€Å"The Petrostate of America† the debate about fracking, the energy boom throughout the world, and what decisions the U.S. government along with President Obama should make on deciding to lift the ban on exportation of crude oil and restrictions on getting permits to export natural gas are starting to heat up. There areRead MoreThe Drilling Sites Will Be Located Near The Ogallala Aquifer1410 Words   |  6 Pageshas promised to use the Nebraska residents might feel safer (Hayden). Along with dirty water, community members all over the country have concerns that fracking is leading to earth quakes. Oklahoma specifically has seen a rise in the number of earth quakes since the oil drilling started to boom. Tim McDonnell, a reporter covering the fracking industry, wrote a report stating that the quakes are directly linked to the drilling. The cause is not the initial drilling itself, but the follow up stepRead MoreThe Effects Of Fracking On The And Gas Industry1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ethicacy of Fracking Changes with the process of fracking often called slick water high pressure horizontal drilling have become common in recent years are having devastating effects on people, their livestock as well as on communities as a whole. The toxic and often carcinogenic chemicals used in the process and as a result of the methods used are often contaminating water supplies. Air quality is also being greatly affected due to side effects from this method of resource extraction and greenhouseRead MoreTaking a Look at Fracking1282 Words   |  5 Pagesof Pennsylvania as they move across the country sucking Mother Nature of her natural resources. The fact of the matter is that the practice of fracking is bad for the environment in every way possible and can be a serious if not ominous threat to every person’s health within miles of the well sites. So what is fracking? Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has played an important role in the development of Americas oil and natural gas resources for nearly 60 years. In the U.S., an estimated 35,000

The Explusion Of Civil Disobedience, By Henry David Thoreau

Attitudes towards the powers that regulate and control society have fluctuated throughout history. Modern dystopian Novels like 1984 and The Giver contrast highly to the Shakespearean tales of the Monarchs. In today’s world, the freedom of speech is becoming a higher priority and the readiness to challenge institutions of governments is shifting itself into the mindsets of the masses. However, instances of this right were required by history to be broken through its shell. This legacy takes the name of Civil Disobedience as written about by Henry David Thoreau. Merriam-Webster defines Civil Disobedience as: â€Å"a refusal to obey governmental demands or commands especially as a nonviolent and usually collective means of forcing concessions†¦show more content†¦He protected this idea of an extra legal responsibility in the civil rights movement until his very last heartbeat. He gained more power at this time than the president and all of the policemen, and never once used hard force but rather used nonviolence as a compass in the right direction. Following in Dr. Kings teaching 10 years after his assassination, Cesar Chavez wrote the article â€Å"He Showed Us the Way.† Chavez has gone down in history for fighting for Labour rights after years of seeing migrant workers being mistreated throughout America. In his article, while he protects the moral standings of Dr. King, he also brings light to the logistical reasoning behind it. He watched many of his activists become angry, frustrated and at times, violent. To respond to this he recites two major points, â€Å"If...we respond with nonviolence, we attract people’s support† and â€Å"Who gets killed in the case of violent revolution? The poor, the workers. The people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He believed that his moral standing was critical to keep the American Citizens on his side and that non-violence would protect his people from repeating the past. His critical thought led his activists into protests and strikes that remained so successful, Labour Unions have co ntinued under his name ever since. We can see an example of Chavez’s first claim by looking at a Radio Transcript from June 16 of this year titled: â€Å"Fact Check: Is Left-Wing Violence Rising† where one

Shipping Management

Question: Discuss about theShipping Management. Answer: 1. The first step I would suggest is to prepare a work paper for the process. An Environmental Committee must be formed thereafter consisting of members from various departments of the company which have direct contact with environmental matters. The Coordinator of the project should be representative of the Quality Assurance Department who should be responsible for creating an Environmental Manual, as suggested by Blackett Trebilcock (ed.), (2015). The work paper prepared should be a message to all the employees in the organization, communicating the management's environmental process. This paper shall also stand as a guarantee by the management for fulfilling companys environmental policy. Environmental Diagnosis My next suggested step is to prepare a preliminary review of what the existing environmental situation is. The purpose of this review would be to consider all aspects of an environmental management system, assert Branch Robarts, (2014). Such a diagnosis would also cover these key areas: Legislations to be applied. Regulatory requirements. Environmental management of all the processes, covering the environmental effects and analysis and assessment of the existing environmental procedures, and the feedback practices adopted, as per Branch Robarts, (2014). Management Program Finally, I shall establish a program for achieving the targets and objectives set out in the policy document, define responsibilities, procedures and corrective mechanisms. In certain matters, it would be more appropriate to discuss the policy document with the concerned environmental authorities. The outcome of all this exercise should be lay an exhaustive policy frame for the companys Environment Management System which can be practiced by the employees as well as the management, as outlined by Lun et al, (2015). 2. As an expert, I believe that to successfully introduce an Environmental Management System in an organisation is a collective responsibility of the management and the employees. Hence, as suggested by CUP, (2010), I always start the process with an environmental training program to involve the employees and also to convince them about the necessity of environmental awareness within the organization. I discuss the following basic principles with the employees to make them involved in the whole process, asserts CUP, (2010). Protection of the Environment This should be considered as a principal objective of the company's strategy. Commitment to fulfil Regulatory and Legislative Requirements In order to maintain a continual improvement of companys environmental control. Training for Employees of the Company This will be a priority procedure for all so as to ensure that they comply with company's environmental policy, as detailed by Branch, (2007). Best use of Resources The management will promote clean technology and waste recycling initiatives. Investment Investment policies in Environmental System will be priority criteria. Technology The company shall use the most advanced technology to protect the environment and minimise its environmental impact by controlling emissions into the atmosphere of the suspended particulate matter emitted by the ships, asserts Stopford, (2009). Management The environmental management system shall be intermixed with the company's management system. It will also be mandatory to being audited, as specified by Delmas Young, (2009). Communication It will be the endeavour of the management to establish procedures of communication with the authorities, keeping them informed about the environmental benefits being achieved by the company because of its Environmental Management System, as detailed by Wood, (2002). 2. In the shipping industry, the environmental concerns were more or less concerned with ships, and they were subjected to the environmental regulations so as to prevent marine pollution created either by the ships operations or the cargo. Now, the international legal requirements are enforcing the shipping companies to modernise their traditional outlook towards environmental management, asserts Lavelle, (2013). This means to integrate an Environmental Management System into the Shipping Management System of the company. This is being made mandatory with the introduction of new safety regulations in to the existing frameworks as formulated through MLC 2006. I take up the important provisions, as suggested in IMO, (2000). Fire Protection Effective 1 July 2002, an amendment made in Chapter II-2 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 introduced a new set of requirements for fire protection on board all ships. The new regulations are to ensure that first of all fires are prevented from occurring; secondly, any type of fire is rapidly detected; and thirdly, any fire is contained and extinguished quickly. It also requires that ships be so designed so as to ensure quick evacuation routes for passengers and crew are made mandatory, as detailed by Lavelle, (2013). IMO and the Safety of Navigation Navigational Safety has always been high on the IMO agenda and it has been introducing measures for improvement since 1959 through notifications, conventions and recommendations. Three conventions are particularly relevant to the issue of navigation, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS); the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG); and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch-keeping for Seafarers, 1978 (STCW), as per IMO, (2000). Safety Aspects-Working Conditions Measures dealing with the safety aspects of working conditions appear under Chapter V. IMO adopted a revised version of chapter V, in December 2000, by updating it and also incorporating new requirements and bringing them into force in 2002. SOLAS also covers safety aspects and working conditions, including life-saving appliances, radio communications and the carriage of cargoes, says Lavelle, (2013). Communication-Life Saving Appliances IMO also issued a series of fresh resolutions and codes, which included guidelines about issues and performance standards for communication and lifesaving appliances on board ships. Some of these are only recommendations, although they have a wide acceptance among the formulators of international policies. Others, which are referred to by certain relevant Regulations drafted at Conventions, have also got the same weight as the Convention Regulations themselves, as detailed by Karahalios, (2015). Documents IMO has been particularly noteworthy in its comments regarding strict compliance of the procedures adopted towards preparation of documents by the issuing authorities such as LRS, ABS and DNV and the shipping companies. Documents should not only give authentic information about the cargo, they should also reflect the procedures and processes followed by the issuer and the receiver on matters concerned with the safety, health and work conditions of the employees working on the ships, asserts CUP, (2010). 3. Regulations presented under the MLC 2006 are designed to cover a lot of issues related to the employees of shipping companies, especially those who are on board for most part of their working life. Now, as per IMO, (2000), managements will be required to monitor the problems linked with work load, hours of work, stress and fatigue of all seafarers. The most important feature of MLC 2006 is that the seafarers working hours must comply with the limits set in the new provisions. Regarding hours of rest, it has now been made the responsibility of the Master to ensure that the seafarers get sufficient and adequate periods of rest, as explained by Branch Robarts, (2014). Regulation 2.1 of MLC 2006 stipulates that the shipping company has the responsibility of ensuring the seafarers get a fair employment agreement. This means the management has to ensure that the terms and conditions of employment for a seafarer are written in a clear and legally enforceable contract. Regulation 2.2 of MLC 2006 defines the shipping companys obligation of ensuring that wages to all seafarers are paid regularly, at least monthly and are paid in full agreement with the specified terms of employment. Another important aspect for the management to comply with, as per Lavelle, (2013) is the entitlement to leave under Regulation 2.5 of MLC 2006 and it should be ensured that seafarers are provided with adequate leave. Agreements without considering the provision of annual paid leave will not be permissible under the new regulations and a justified absence should not be included in the seafarers annual leave. Unless it is specified through a provision of collective bargaining, calculation of annual leave should be made according to the Standard A2.4, which stipulates that the minimum basis is of 2.5 days per calendar month of service put-in, as detailed in IMO, (2000). Regulation 2.6 of MLC 2006 specifies that an indemnity has to be declared by the shipping company for ensuring that seafarers get adequate compensation in case a ship is lost on high seas or has foundered and also in case of injury or unemployment for this reason. Further to this are Regulations 2.7 and 2.8, as per IMO, (2000), which imply that the shipping company must employ sufficient manpower which should be in compliance with requirements mentioned in IMO SOLAS-52 for safety of the manpower employed. For matters related to these provisions, it is mandatory for the shipping company to impart adequate training to the Seafarers, including vocational education and guidance so as to promote the seafarers career and skill development, states Lavelle, (2013). Regulation 4.4 of MLC 2006 stipulates that each Member State is to ensure that all seafarers working on board ships get access to shore-based services and facilities. This implies that the management cannot discriminate in respect of welfare facilities either on the basis of colour, race, sex, nationality, social, culture and political opinions or on the basis of the ships flag. However, the management is allowed to provide the time for shore leave as mentioned in Guideline B4.4.1 of MLC 2006 as per IMO, (2000). These allocations of leave on ports shall be based on the welfare services provided to the seafarers. It will also be taken into consideration the facilities available at different ports and the spare-time activities which are permissible by the Member State, as per Lavelle, (2013). List of References Blackett, A. and Trebilcock, A. (ed.) 2015, Research Handbook on Transnational Labour Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham. Branch, A.E. 2007, Elements of shipping, 8th ed. Taylor Francis, Oxon. Branch, A.E. and Robarts, M. 2014, Branch's Elements of Shipping, 9th ed. Routledge, Oxon. CUP. 2010, Ocean Trade and Shipping. CUP Archive, Cambridge. Delmas, M.A. and Young, O.R. 2009, Governance for the Environment: New Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. IMO. 2000, Resolutions and other decisions: Assembly, Twenty First Session, 15-26 November 1999. IMO Publishing, London. Karahalios, H. 2015, The Management of Maritime Regulations. Routledge, Oxon. Lavelle, J. 2013, The Maritime Labour Convention 2006. CRC Press, Oxon. Lun, Y.H.V., Lai, K., Wong, C.W.Y. and Cheng, T.C.E. 2015, Green Shipping Management Shipping and Transport Logistics. Springer, Heidelberg. Stopford, M. 2009, Maritime Economics, 3rd ed. Taylor Francis, Oxon. Wood, D.F. 2002, International logistics, 2nd ed. American Management Association, New York.

Perspectives Essays - Criminology, Sociological Paradigms

Three Sociological Perspectives PAUL COLOMY In this chapter, Colony overviews the three perspectives most often associated with sociology: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic Interactionism. Each of these three theories has contributed a great deal to our understanding of human behavior and group life. The first two, functionalism and conflict, are considered to be macro theories of society, examining how the social structure operates to determine people's behavior. The last theory, symbolic Interactionism, is a micro theory of society, focusing on social interaction and how people act in face-to-face meetings with one another. Each theory has its strengths and weaknesses as an explanatory scheme, but taken together, you will see the power of sociological reasoning. From this article, can you differentiate the major foundational ideas that the theories represent? Do you have other ideas not represented by these three approaches that account for social behavior? W hen conducting research, sociologists typically draw on one or more perspectives. Sociological perspectives provide very general ways of con?ceptualizing the social world and its basic elements. A perspective consists of a set of fairly abstract assumptions about the nature of human action and the character of social organization. Each perspective can be likened to a spotlight that brightly illuminates select aspects of behavior and social relations while leaving other areas shrouded in darkness. Because a single perspective supplies only a partial or one-sided view, a comprehensive understanding of social life requires becoming familiar with several different perspectives. Sociology contains a large number of distinct perspectives, and they can be divided into two broad categories: micro and macro. In very general terms, micro perspectives are oriented toward small time and small space, while macro per-spectives are oriented toward big time and big space (Collins 1981). That is, micro perspectives are usually concerned with the conduct of individuals and small groups as it unfolds in relatively small spatial contexts and over short durations of time. Macro perspectives, on the other hand, focus on larger entities?not individuals and small groups, but institutions, entire societies, and even the global system?and on how these entities emerge, maintain themselves, and change over decades, centuries, and millennia. The following section outlines one micro perspective (symbolic Interactionism) and two macro perspectives (functionalism and the conflict approach). SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Symbol interactionism's intellectual roots reside in pragmatism, a philosophical tradition developed by such prominent, early twentieth-century American thinkers as John Dewey, William James, George Herbert Mead, and Charles Peirce. The sociological implications of pragmatism were articulated by several Innovative sociologists, including Robert Park, W. I. Thomas, Herbert Blumer, Everett Hughes, and Erving Goffinan, who taught or studied at the University of Chicago between 1910 and 1960. Because it originated at the University of Chicago, symbolic Interactionism is sometimes referred to as the Chicago School. Symbolic Interactionism is based on five core ideas. First, it assumes that Luman beings act in terms of the meanings they assign to objects in their : Environment. (Integrationists define the term object very broadly to include Material things, events, symbols, actions, and other people and groups.) Using Lightly different terminology to make the same point, integrationists maintain that people's conduct is powerfully influenced by their definition of the situation. this assumption can be clarified by contrasting it to a rudimentary model of acial action advanced by a psychological perspective known as behaviorism. The Behaviorist approach characterizes conduct as a response to objective stimuli, and Suggests that human behavior resembles a series of stimulus-response chains: Stimulus ?> response. Rejecting the notion that individuals respond directly to an objective Stimulus, integrationists insist that people interpret, or assign meanings to, the stimulus: fore they act: Stimulus ?> interpretation ?> response. Athletes' reactions to coaches' criticisms, for instance, depend largely on whether they interpret that criticism as a constructive attempt to improve their play or as a malicious attack on their character. Even when a definition of the situation is demonstrably false, it can still exert a powerful effect on behavior. As W. I. Thomas once said, "A situation defined as real is real in its consequences." Many adults, for example, perceive Halloween as filled with potential danger, and believe that their young children are vulnerable to sadistic strangers dispensing drug-tainted candy or apples laced with razor blades. The belief that such acts of Halloween sadism are widespread is, in fact, an urban legend with virtually no factual basis (Best and Horiuchi 1985). Never- 'less, millions of parents are convinced that